• Pygmy hippo is IUCN’s Species of the Day

    Updated: 2010-02-25 14:54:46
    The pygmy hippopotamus is today featured as the IUCN Red List ‘Species of the Day’, which is running throughout 2010 to mark the International Year of Biodiversity. Ranked 21st on the EDGE Mammal conservation priority list, the pygmy hippo is also one of our focal species for conservation action. The lesser-known of the two extant hippopotamus [...]

  • Functional conservation between rodents and chicken of regulatory sequences driving skeletal muscle gene expression in transgenic chickens

    Updated: 2010-02-24 23:00:00
    Conclusions: From these results we conclude that skeletal expression from this regulatory module is conserved in a genomic context between rodents and chickens. This transgenic module will be useful in future investigations of muscle development in avian species. (Source: BMC Developmental Biology - Latest articles)

  • Journal: Darwin issue of 'Comptes Rendus Biologies'

    Updated: 2010-02-23 17:33:45
    All these articles are “online first” for what I am assuming is a forthcoming Darwin iss

  • Stubborn Beast

    Updated: 2010-02-23 03:14:27
    The American plains bison is Bison bison bison.

  • Spatial discontinuity of Optomotor-blind expression in the Drosophila wing imaginal disc disrupts epithelial architecture and promotes cell sorting

    Updated: 2010-02-22 23:00:00
    Conclusions: Our findings show that Omb distribution in the wing imaginal disc is described by a gradient rather than a step function. Graded Omb expression is necessary for normal cell morphogenesis and cell affinity and sharp spatial discontinuities must be avoided to allow normal wing development. (Source: BMC Developmental Biology - Latest articles)

  • In pictures: Banded Brothers - Mongoose group stars of new BBC show

    Updated: 2010-02-22 09:00:00
    Scientists at Exeter University are studying an African mongoose group that will star in a BBC programme called Banded Brothers

  • EDGE mammals on top endangered primates list

    Updated: 2010-02-20 08:33:51
    This week the list of the World’s 25 most endangered primates was released, highlighting which of man’s closest relatives are on the brink extinction and are most in need of conservation attention. The report, Primates in Peril: The World’s 25 Most Endangered Primates, 2008–2010, compiled by 85 experts from across the world, reveals that almost half [...]

  • The AALAS Journals: 2009 in Review.

    Updated: 2010-02-19 10:34:03
    Authors: Toth LA, Compton S, Tolwani R PMID: 20158942 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Comparative Medicine)

  • 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene induces sertoli-leydig-cell tumors in the follicle-depleted ovaries of mice treated with 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide.

    Updated: 2010-02-19 10:34:03
    Authors: Craig ZR, Davis JR, Marion SL, Barton JK, Hoyer PB Ovarian cancer is associated with high mortality due to its late onset of symptoms and lack of reliable screening methods for early detection. Furthermore, the incidence of ovarian cancer is higher in postmenopausal women. Mice rendered follicle-depleted through treatment with 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide (VCD) are a model of ovary-intact menopause. The present study was designed to induce ovarian neoplasia in this model by treating mice with 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA). Female B6C3F1 mice (age, 28 d) received intraperitoneal sesame oil (vehicle; VCD- groups) as a control or VCD (160 mg/kg; VCD+ groups) daily for 20 d to cause ovarian failure. Four months after the onset of dosing, mice from each group received a sin...MedWorm Message: Get the very latest Swine Flu news via the MedWorm Swine Flu RSS news feed - updated hourly from thousands of authoritative health and news sources.

  • Perturbations in Cytokine Gene Expression after Inoculation of C57BL/6 Mice with Pasteurella pneumotropica.

    Updated: 2010-02-19 10:34:03
    Authors: Patten CC, Myles MH, Franklin CL, Livingston RS Pasteurella pneumotropica can cause inflammation and abscess formation in a variety of tissues. Most commonly, P. pneumotropica produces clinical disease in immunodeficient mice or those concurrently infected with other pathogens. Because clinical disease is infrequent in immunocompetent mice harboring P. pneumotropica, some scientists consider it an opportunistic pathogen with little clinical relevance to biomedical research. However, other infectious agents, including mouse parvoviruses, mouse rotavirus, and Helicobacter spp. alter physiologic or biologic responses without causing clinical signs of illness. We investigated the potential for P. pneumotropica to modulate the transcription of cytokine genes in immunocompetent mice...

  • Spontaneous Coagulopathy in Inbred WAG/RijYcb Rats.

    Updated: 2010-02-19 10:34:03
    Authors: Booth CJ, Brooks MB, Rockwell S Here we describe a series of cases of spontaneous coagulopathy in a colony of inbred WAG/RijYcb (WAG/RijY) rats. This strain previously had been bred at our institution without symptomatology for several decades. The index case was a 10-wk-old male rat that developed a large hematoma at a subcutaneous injection site. Clinicopathologic findings included a decreased RBC count, decreased hematocrit, decreased hemoglobin concentration, normal PT, and prolonged (50% to 70%) aPTT (52 s; reference, 15 to 33 s). Examination of additional WAG/RijY rats that died unexpectedly or had clinical signs of bleeding in the absence of experimental manipulation also revealed normal PT and prolonged aPTT. Histologic examinations of tissues from all rats were unrema...

  • Escherichia coli O157:H7 Infection in Dutch Belted and New Zealand White Rabbits.

    Updated: 2010-02-19 10:34:03
    Authors: Panda A, Tatarov I, Melton-Celsa AR, Kolappaswamy K, Kriel EH, Petkov D, Coksaygan T, Livio S, McLeod CG, Nataro JP, O'Brien AD, Detolla LJ Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) produce one or more types of Shiga toxins and are foodborne causes of bloody diarrhea. The prototype EHEC strain, Escherichia coli O157:H7, is responsible for both sporadic cases and serious outbreaks worldwide. Infection with E. coli that produce Shiga toxins may lead to diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis, or (less frequently) hemolytic uremic syndrome, which can cause acute kidney failure. The exact mechanism by which EHEC evokes intestinal and renal disease has not yet been determined. The development of a readily reproducible animal oral-infection model with which to evaluate the full pathogenic pot...

  • Refinement of Pig Retroperfusion Technique: Global Retroperfusion with Ligation of the Azygos Connection Preserves Hemodynamic Function in an Acute Infarction Model in Pigs (Sus scrofa domestica).

    Updated: 2010-02-19 10:34:03
    This study aimed to refine the technical and functional aspects of a pig model of acute myocardial infarction and retroperfusion with respect to the azygos connection. Global retroperfusion after ligation of the ramus interventricularis paraconalis (equivalent to the left anterior descending artery in humans) was performed in 16 Landrace pigs (Sus scrofa domestica). Coronary sinus perfusion was performed in 8 pigs (P+) but not in the other 8 (P-), and the azygos vein was ligated (L+) 4 of the 8 pigs in each of these groups but left open (L-) in the remaining animals. Hemodynamic performance (for example, cardiac output, stroke volume) was significantly better in P+L+ pigs that underwent coronary sinus perfusion with ligation of the azygos vein compared with all other animals. In addition, ...

  • Infection of cesarean-derived colostrum-deprived pigs with porcine circovirus type 2 and Swine influenza virus.

    Updated: 2010-02-19 10:34:03
    In conclusion, SIV H1N1 did not influence PCV2 replication in dually infected pigs in this study. PMID: 20158948 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Comparative Medicine)MedWorm Message: Get the very latest Swine Flu news via the MedWorm Swine Flu RSS news feed - updated hourly from thousands of authoritative health and news sources.

  • Simian Betaretrovirus Infection in a Colony of Cynomolgus Monkeys (Macaca fascicularis).

    Updated: 2010-02-19 10:34:03
    Authors: Fujiomto K, Takano J, Narita T, Hanari K, Shimozawa N, Sankai T, Yosida T, Terao K, Kurata T, Yasutomi Y Of the 419 laboratory-bred cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) in a breeding colony at our institution, 397 (95%) exhibited antibodies or viral RNA (or both) specific for simian betaretrovirus (SRV) in plasma. Pregnant monkeys (n= 95) and their offspring were tested to evaluate maternal-infant infection with SRV. At parturition, the first group of pregnant monkeys (n = 76) was antibody-positive but RNA-negative, the second group (n = 14 monkeys) was positive for both antibody and RNA, and the last group (n = 5) was antibody-negative but RNA-positive. None of the offspring delivered from the 76 antibody-positive/RNA-negative mothers exhibited viremia at birth. Eight of...

  • A Challenge Model for Shigella dysenteriae 1 in Cynomolgus Monkeys (Macaca fascicularis).

    Updated: 2010-02-19 10:34:03
    Authors: Shipley ST, Panda A, Khan AQ, Kriel EH, Maciel M, Livio S, Nataro JP, Levine MM, Sztein MB, Detolla LJ Shigella dysenteriae type 1 can cause devastating pandemics with high case fatality rates; a vaccine for Shigella is unavailable currently. Because of the risks associated with performing challenge studies with wild-type S. dysenteriae 1 in human clinical trials to advance vaccine development, an improved nonhuman primate model is needed urgently. In the present study, cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) were challenged with various doses of S. dysenteriae 1 strain 1617 to establish a dose that would produce shigellosis. Further, different routes of delivery of S. dysenteriae 1 were compared to establish the most appropriate route for infection. Animals receiving 10(11)...

  • Alterations in Cytokines and Effects of Dexamethasone Immunosuppression during Subclinical Infections of Invasive Klebsiella pneumoniae with Hypermucoviscosity Phenotype in Rhesus (Macaca mulatta) and Cynomolgus (Macaca fascicularis) Macaques.

    Updated: 2010-02-19 10:34:03
    Authors: Burke RL, West MW, Erwin-Cohen R, Selby EB, Fisher DE, Twenhafel NA Invasive Klebsiella pneumoniae with the hypermucoviscosity phenotype (HMV K. pneumoniae) is an emerging human pathogen that also has been attributed to fatal multisystemic disease in African green monkeys at our institution. Combining a cluster of subclinically infected macaques identified in March and April 2008 and the animals documented during a subsequent survey of more than 300 colony nonhuman primates yielded a total of 9 rhesus macaques and 6 cynomolgus macaques that were subclinically infected. In an attempt to propagate the responsible HMV K. pneumoniae strain, a subset of these animals was immunosuppressed with dexamethasone. None of the treated animals developed clinical disease consistent with the ...

  • Orally Ingested (13)C(2)-Retinol is Incorporated into Hepatic Retinyl Esters in a Nonhuman Primate (Macaca mulatta) Model of Hypervitaminosis A.

    Updated: 2010-02-19 10:34:03
    This study investigated hepatic (13)C-retinol uptake in hypervitaminotic A rhesus monkeys. We hypothesized that individual retinyl esters would be enriched in (13)C after a physiologic dose of (13)C(2)-retinyl acetate, thus suggesting de novo in vivo hepatic retinol esterification. Male rhesus macaques (n = 16; 11.8 +/- 2.9 y) each received 3.5 mumol 14, 15-(13)C(2)-retinyl acetate. Blood was drawn at baseline and 5 h and 2, 4, 7, 14, 21, and 28 d after administration. Liver biopsies were collected 7 d before and 2 d after dose administration (n = 4) and at 7, 14, and 28 d after dose administration (n = 4 per time point). (13)C enrichments of retinol and retinyl esters HPLC-purified from liver samples were measured by using gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry. (13...

  • Entropy Maximization and the Spatial Distribution of Species

    Updated: 2010-02-19 07:06:11
    The American Naturalist, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Latest Articles. Abstract: Entropy maximization (EM, also known as MaxEnt) is a general inference procedure that originated in statistical mechanics. It has been applied recently to predict ecological patterns, such as species abundance distributions and species‐area relationships. It is well known in physics that the EM result strongly depends on how elementary configurations are described. Here we argue that the same issue is also of crucial importance for EM applications in ecology. To illustrate this, we focus on the EM prediction of species‐level spatial abundance distributions. We show that the EM outcome depends on (1) the choice of configuration set, (2) the way constraints are imposed, and (3) the scale on which the E...MedWorm Message: Get the very latest Swine Flu news via the MedWorm Swine Flu RSS news feed - updated hourly from thousands of authoritative health and news sources.

  • Genome sequence for advancement

    Updated: 2010-02-19 04:00:05
    A global initiative that includes key researchers from Oregon State University has successfully sequenced the genome of the wild grass Brachypodium distachyon, which will serve as a model to speed research on improved varieties of wheat, oats and barley, as well as switchgrass, a crop of major interest for biofuel production........

  • SEL1L deficiency impairs growth and differentiation of pancreatic epithelial cells

    Updated: 2010-02-18 23:00:00
    Conclusions: Together, these data suggest that Sel1l is essential for the growth and differentiation of endoderm-derived pancreatic epithelial cells during mouse embryonic development. (Source: BMC Developmental Biology - Latest articles)

  • In pictures: Meet the world's endangered primates

    Updated: 2010-02-18 00:00:00
    Nearly half of all primates are in danger of becoming extinct. Here are some of the species under threat

  • Hirola plans for 2010

    Updated: 2010-02-16 17:40:23
    Hirola monitoring is still on as usual despite challenges here and there. However, this will not make us not to achieve what we want at the long run. Struggle to free our world from exposing species to extinction is our role and priority as conservationist. 2010 has started will much light at the end of [...]

  • Science & Soul: Book Review: Signs of Life - How Complexity Pervades Biology

    Updated: 2010-02-15 01:35:11
    Richard Sole and Brian Goodwin compiled a book detailing the applications and seemingly inescapable

  • Museum - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

    Updated: 2010-02-14 13:30:22
    Museum – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. via Museum – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

  • A positional coding mechanism in pigeons after learning multiple three-item lists.

    Updated: 2010-02-10 23:00:00
    Authors: Scarf D, Colombo M Pigeons were trained on three three-item lists (List 1: A(1) --> B(1) --> C(1;) List 2: A(2) --> B(2) --> C(2;) List 3: A(3) --> B(3) --> C(3)). After sessions in which any one of the three lists could be presented on a trial, derived-maintained list and derived-changed list probe trials were introduced. The derived list probe trials were composed of three items, one drawn from each of the training lists. On derived-maintained probe trials, each item was in the same ordinal position it occupied during training (e.g., A(3) --> B(1) --> C(2)). On derived-changed probe trials, items that occupied the second and third position during training were exchanged (e.g., A(2) --> C(3) --> B(1)). The performance of subjects on derived-maint...

  • A modified mark test for own-body recognition in pig-tailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina).

    Updated: 2010-02-10 23:00:00
    Authors: Macellini S, Ferrari PF, Bonini L, Fogassi L, Paukner A Classic mirror self-recognition mark tests involve familiarizing the subject with its mirror image, surreptitiously applying a mark on the subject's eyebrow, nose, or ear, and measuring self-directed behaviors toward the mark. For many non-human primate species, however, direct gaze at the face constitutes an aggressive and threatening signal. It is therefore possible that monkeys fail the mark test because they do not closely inspect their faces in a mirror and hence they have no expectations about their physical appearance. In the current study, we prevented two pig-tailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) from seeing their own faces in a mirror, and we adopted a modified version of the classic mark test in which monkeys wer...

  • Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) accurately compare poured liquid quantities.

    Updated: 2010-02-09 23:00:00
    Authors: Beran MJ Although many studies have shown that nonhuman animals can choose the larger of two discrete quantities of items, less emphasis has been given to discrimination of continuous quantity. These studies are necessary to discern the similarities and differences in discrimination performance as a function of the type of quantities that are compared. Chimpanzees made judgments between continuous quantities (liquids) in a series of three experiments. In the first experiment, chimpanzees first chose between two clear containers holding differing amounts of juice. Next, they watched as two liquid quantities were dispensed from opaque syringes held above opaque containers. In the second experiment, one liquid amount was presented by pouring it into an opaque container from an op...

  • The parasite assemblages of Zyzomys argurus (Thomas, 1889) (Muridae : Murinae) from northern Australia

    Updated: 2010-02-07 13:00:59
    H. J. Weaver, L. R. Smales - Volume 57(6) (Source: Australian Journal of Zoology)

  • Alternative mating tactics in the New Zealand fur seal (Arctocephalus forsteri): when non-territorial males are successful too

    Updated: 2010-02-07 13:00:58
    A. K. Caudron, S. S. Negro, M. Fowler, L. Boren, P. Poncin, B. C. Robertson, N. J. Gemmell - Volume 57(6) (Source: Australian Journal of Zoology)MedWorm Message: Get the very latest Swine Flu news via the MedWorm Swine Flu RSS news feed - updated hourly from thousands of authoritative health and news sources.

  • Predator or prey? The dive response to aerial and aquatic predators of Arafura filesnakes

    Updated: 2010-02-07 13:00:57
    Kirstin L. Pratt, Craig E. Franklin - Volume 57(6) (Source: Australian Journal of Zoology)

  • Breeding biology of the critically endangered Malherbe's parakeet on Maud Island, New Zealand, following the release of captive-bred individuals

    Updated: 2010-02-07 13:00:56
    Luis Ortiz-Catedral, Jonathan C. Kearvell, Mark E. Hauber, Dianne H. Brunton - Volume 57(6) (Source: Australian Journal of Zoology)

  • Characteristics of implicit chaining in cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus).

    Updated: 2010-02-06 23:00:00
    Authors: Locurto C, Gagne M, Nutile L In human cognition there has been considerable interest in observing the conditions under which subjects learn material without explicit instructions to learn. In the present experiments, we adapted this issue to nonhumans by asking what subjects learn in the absence of explicit reinforcement for correct responses. Two experiments examined the acquisition of sequence information by cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) when such learning was not demanded by the experimental contingencies. An implicit chaining procedure was used in which visual stimuli were presented serially on a touchscreen. Subjects were required to touch one stimulus to advance to the next stimulus. Stimulus presentations followed a pattern, but learning the pattern was not nec...

  • Dreaming of an animal career?

    Updated: 2010-02-06 21:37:15
    This week, in my role as an animal career coach, I go into a rant about people who are dreaming about an animal career. You can have a dream about an animal career but you also have to wake up and take action to get an animal job. If you want to read the animal career rant, [...]

  • Female genital morphology and mating behavior of Orchestina (Arachnida: Araneae: Oonopidae).

    Updated: 2010-02-04 23:00:00
    Authors: Burger M, Izquierdo M, Carrera P The unusual reproductive biology of many spider species makes them compelling targets for evolutionary investigations. Mating behavior studies combined with genital morphological investigations help to understand complex spider reproductive systems and explain their function in the context of sexual selection. Oonopidae are a diverse spider family comprising a variety of species with complex internal female genitalia. Data on oonopid phylogeny are preliminary and especially studies on their mating behavior are very rare. The present investigation reports on the copulatory behavior of an Orchestina species for the first time. The female genitalia are described by means of serial semi-thin sections and scanning electron microscopy. Females of Orc...

  • Testing the Carotenoid Trade‐Off Hypothesis in the Polychromatic Midas Cichlid, Amphilophus citrinellus

    Updated: 2010-02-04 19:18:56
    Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Latest Articles. Abstract Many animals use carotenoid pigments derived from their diet for coloration and immunity. The carotenoid trade‐off hypothesis predicts that, under conditions of carotenoid scarcity, individuals may be forced to allocate limited carotenoids to either coloration or immunity. In polychromatic species, the pattern of allocation may differ among individuals. We tested the carotenoid trade‐off hypothesis in the Midas cichlid, Amphilophus citrinellus, a species with two ontogenetic color morphs, barred and gold, the latter of which is the result of carotenoid expression. We performed a diet‐supplementation experiment in which cichlids of both color morphs were assigned to one of two diet trea...

  • Assessment of the hemorheological profile of koala and echidna.

    Updated: 2010-02-03 23:00:00
    Authors: Baskurt OK, Marshall-Gradisnik S, Pyne M, Simmonds M, Brenu E, Christy R, Meiselman HJ Koala, a marsupial, and echidna, a monotreme, are mammals native to Australia. Blood viscosity (62.5-1250s(-1)), red blood cell (RBC) deformability, RBC aggregation, aggregability and surface charge, and hematological parameters were measured in blood samples from six koalas and six echidnas and compared to adult human blood. Koala had the largest RBC mean cell volume (107.7+/-2.6fl) compared to echidna (81.3+/-2.6fl) and humans (88.4+/-1.2fl). Echidna blood exhibited the highest viscosity over the entire range of shear rates. Echidna RBC were significantly less deformable than koala RBC but more deformable than human RBC. Echidna RBC had significantly lower aggregability (i.e., aggregation ...

  • Tits use amodal completion in predator recognition: a field experiment.

    Updated: 2010-02-03 23:00:00
    Authors: Tvardíková K, Fuchs R Amodal completion enables an animal to perceive partly concealed objects as an entirety, and to interact with them appropriately. Several studies, based upon either operant conditioning or filial imprinting techniques, have shown that various animals (both mammals and birds) can perform amodal completion. Before this study, the use of amodal completion by untrained animals in the recognition of objects had not been considered. Using two feeders, we observed in a field experiment the reaction of tits to the torso of a sparrowhawk (partly occluded or an 'amputated' dummy) in two different treatments (sparrowhawk torso vs. complete dummy pigeon; and torso vs. complete dummy sparrowhawk). It is clear that the birds considered the two torso variants ...

  • Rational maximizing by humans (Homo sapiens) in an ultimatum game.

    Updated: 2010-02-03 23:00:00
    Authors: Smith P, Silberberg A In the human mini-ultimatum game, a proposer splits a sum of money with a responder. If the responder accepts, both are paid. If not, neither is paid. Typically, responders reject inequitable distributions, favoring punishing over maximizing. In Jensen et al.'s (Science 318:107-109, 2007) adaptation with apes, a proposer selects between two distributions of raisins. Despite inequitable offers, responders often accept, thereby maximizing. The rejection response differs between the human and ape versions of this game. For humans, rejection is instantaneous; for apes, it requires 1 min of inaction. We replicate Jensen et al.'s procedure in humans with money. When waiting 1 min to reject, humans favor punishing over maximizing; however, when rejection require...MedWorm Message: Get the very latest Swine Flu news via the MedWorm Swine Flu RSS news feed</b - updated hourly from thousands of authoritative health and news sources.

  • Donor payoffs and other-regarding preferences in cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus).

    Updated: 2010-02-03 23:00:00
    Authors: Stevens JR Helping others at no cost to oneself is a simple way to demonstrate other-regarding preferences. Yet, primates exhibit mixed results for other-regarding preferences: chimpanzees and tamarins do not show these effects, whereas capuchin monkeys and marmosets preferentially give food to others. One factor of relevance to this no-cost food donation is the payoff to the donor. Though donors always receive the same payoffs regardless of their choice, previous work varies in whether they receive either a food reward or no food reward. Here, I tested cotton-top tamarins in a preferential giving task. Subjects could choose from two tools, one of which delivered food to a partner in an adjacent cage and the other of which delivered food to an empty cage. Thus, subjects could ...

  • Corrigendum to "In vitro maturation of pig oocytes with different media, hormone and meiosis inhibitors" [Anim. Reprod. Sci. 97 (2007) 375-381].

    Updated: 2010-02-02 15:34:06
    Authors: Marques MG, Nicacio AC, de Oliveira VP, Nascimento AB, Caetano HV, Mendes CM, Mello MR, Milazzotto MP, Assumpção ME, Visintin JA PMID: 20117327 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Animal Reproduction Science)

  • Effect of Sampling Regime on Estimation of Basal Metabolic Rate and Standard Evaporative Water Loss Using Flow‐Through Respirometry

    Updated: 2010-02-01 18:45:10
    Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Latest Articles. Abstract Strict criteria have been established for measurement of basal metabolic rate and standard evaporative water loss to ensure that data can be compared intra‐ and interspecifically. However, data‐sampling regimes vary, from essentially continuous sampling to interrupted (switching) systems with data recorded periodically at more widely spaced intervals. Here we compare one continuous and three interrupted sampling regimes to determine whether sampling regime has a significant effect on estimation of basal metabolic rate or standard evaporative water loss. Compared to continuous 20‐s sampling averaged over 20 min, sampling every 6 min and averaging over 60 min overestimated basal metaboli...MedWorm Message: Get the very latest Swine Flu news via the MedWorm Swine Flu RSS news feed - updated hourly from thousands of authoritative health and news sources.

  • Expedition Vaquita 2010

    Updated: 2010-02-01 11:21:16
    Listed as Critically Endangered, the vaquita porpoise (Phocoena sinus) is the rarest and smallest cetacean species. It has the smallest range of any marine mammal and is on the EDGE conservation priority list (ZSL 2009). One of the only six extant porpoise species (Phocoenidae), the vaquita is entirely restricted to the extreme northern part of [...]

  • More diversity and more convergence in tunicate biology.

    Updated: 2010-01-31 23:00:00
    Authors: Nishida H, Satoh N, Hirose E The 5th International Tunicate Meeting (ITM5) was held at the Okinawa Industry Support Center (Naha, Okinawa, Japan) from June 21 to 25, 2009, with support from the Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology (OIST) and the Inoue Foundation for Science. Tunicates are defined as deuterostome metazoans that have notochord in the tail at one point or at all times during their life. Presence of a cellulosic integument is also a synapomorphy for this taxon, which consists of three classes: Ascidiacea, Thaliacea, and Appendicularia. Ascidians, the largest class, are always sessile, while thaliaceans and appendicularians are pelagic throughout their life. Many unique and interesting data sets are available that facilitate research on tunicates, such as fu...

  • Identification of Genes Downstream of Nodal in the Ciona intestinalis Embryo.

    Updated: 2010-01-31 23:00:00
    Authors: Mita K, Koyanagi R, Azumi K, Sabau SV, Fujiwara S Nodal, a growth factor belonging to the TGF-beta superfamily, is required for the formation of the neural tube in Ciona intestinalis. Previous studies have revealed many genes whose expression is controlled by Nodal in the Ciona embryo; however, all of them encode transcription factors and signaling molecules. In the present study, we identified five genes upregulated or downregulated by the overexpression of Nodal in embryos of C. intestinalis. The upregulated genes included those encoding type IV collagen 1/3/5, laminin-alpha5, and Prickle. The downregulated genes included those encoding glypican and delta1-protocadherln-like. Many of these genes were expressed in the neural plate at the late gastrula stage. The present study...

  • Upstream regulatory sequences required for specific gene expression in the ascidian neural tube.

    Updated: 2010-01-31 23:00:00
    In this study, we focused on the transcriptional mechanisms that regulate CiNut1 expression. We found that an approximately 1.0 kb upstream sequence was able to recapitulate endogenous CiNut1 expression. A deletion analysis showed that the 119 bp upstream fragment containing two ZicL-binding consensus sequences and one Fox core sequence could also drive the neural tube-specific expression. When mutations were Introduced into the distal ZicL binding site (ZicL1), the neural tube-specific expression almost disappeared. Although the Importance of the proximal ZicL site (ZicL2) and the Fox core sequence have yet to be elucidated, we hypothesize that ZicL regulates gene transcription in the entire neural tube of the ascidian. PMID: 20141411 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Zoological Science)

  • Distinctive Expression Patterns of Hedgehog Pathway Genes in the Ciona intestinalis Larva: Implications for a Role of Hedgehog Signaling in Postembryonic Development and Chordate Evolution.

    Updated: 2010-01-31 23:00:00
    Authors: Islam AF, Moly PK, Miyamoto Y, Kusakabe TG Members of the Hedgehog (Hh) family are soluble ligands that orchestrate a wide spectrum of developmental processes ranging from left-right axis determination of the embryo to tissue patterning and organogenesis. Tunicates, including ascidians, are the closest relatives of vertebrates, and elucidation of Hh signaling in ascidians should provide an important clue towards better understanding the role of this pathway in development. In previous studies, expression patterns of genes encoding Hh and its downstream factor Gli have been examined up to the tailbud stage in the ascidian embryo, but their expression in the larva has not been reported. Here we show the spatial expression patterns of hedgehog (Ci-hh1, Ci-hh2), patched (Ci-ptc), ...

  • Regeneration in the Hemichordate Ptychodera flava.

    Updated: 2010-01-31 23:00:00
    Authors: Humphreys T, Sasaki A, Uenishi G, Taparra K, Arimoto A, Tagawa K When the body of P. flava is severed, the animal has the ability to regenerate its missing anterior or posterior as appropriate. We have focused on anterior regeneration when the head and branchial regions are severed from the body of the worm. After transection, the body wall contracts and heals closed in 2 to 3 days. By the third day a small blastema is evident at the point of closure. The blastema grows rapidly and begins the process of differentiating into a head with a proboscis and collar. At 5 days the blastema has increased greatly in size and differentiated into a central bulb, the forming proboscis, and two lateral crescents, the forming collar. Between 5 and 7 days a mouth opens ventral to the differen...MedWorm Message: Get the very latest Swine Flu news via the MedWorm Swine Flu RSS news feed - updated hourly from thousands of authoritative health and news sources.

  • Natural Apoptosis During the Blastogenetic Cycle of the Colonial Ascidian Botryllus schlosseri: A Morphological Analysis.

    Updated: 2010-01-31 23:00:00
    Authors: Ballarin L, Schiavon F, Manni L Colonies of the compound ascidian Botryllus schiosseri undergo regular generation changes, during which adult zooids are progressively resorbed and replaced by growing buds. The generation change, or take-over, is characterized by massive cell death by apoptosis, as indicated by nuclear condensation, activation of caspases, overexpression of molecules recognized by antibodies against mammalian Bax, Fas, and FasL, changes in the expression of surface molecules by senescent cells of zooid tissues, and recruitment of circulating phagocytes in zooid tissues which ensure the complete clearing of dying cells. The entire process lasts 24-36 h at 20 degrees C and has been subdivided, on the basis of the degree of contraction of old zooids, into four sub...

  • Differential Regional Expression of Genes in the Developing Brain of Ciona intestinalis Embryos.

    Updated: 2010-01-31 23:00:00
    Authors: Shimozono N, Ohta N, Satoh N, Hamada M Our previous transcriptome analysis identified 565 genes that are preferentially expressed in the developing brain of Ciona intestinalis larvae. Here, we show by in-situ hybridization that the spatial expression patterns of these brain-specific genes fall into different categories depending on the regions where the gene is expressed. For example, Ci-opsin3 and Ci-Dkk3 are expressed in the entire brain, Ci-tyrosinase and Ci-TYRP1 in the dorsal region, and Ci-synaptotagmin3, Ci-ZF399, and Ci-PTFb in the ventral region. Other genes are specific to the posterior, anterior, central, posterior and ventral, or anterior-ventral region of the brain. This regional expression of genes in the Ciona brain is not always associated with cell lineage, su...

  • Regulation of Notochord-Specific Expression of Ci-Bra Downstream Genes in Ciona intestinalis Embryos.

    Updated: 2010-01-31 23:00:00
    In this study, we looked for cisregulatory sequences in minimal enhancers of 20 Ci-Bra downstream genes by electroporating region within approximately 3 kb upstream of each gene fused with lacZ. Eight of the 20 reporters were expressed in notochord cells. The minimal enchancer for each of these eight genes was narrowed to a region approximately 0.5-1.0-kb long. We also explored the genome-wide and coordinate regulation of 43 Ci-Bra-downstream genes. When we determined their chromosomal localization, it became evident that they are not clustered in a given region of the genome, but rather distributed evenly over 13 of the 14 pairs of chromosomes, suggesting that gene clustering does not contribute to coordinate control of the Ci-Bra downstream gene expression. Our results might provide Insi...

  • Origin and genetic evolution of the vertebrate skeleton.

    Updated: 2010-01-31 23:00:00
    Authors: Wada H The current understanding of the origin and evolution of the genetic cassette for the vertebrate skeletal system is reviewed. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of fibrillar collagen genes, which encode the main component of both cartilage and mineralized bone, suggest that genome duplications in vertebrate ancestors were essential for producing distinct collagen fibers for cartilage and mineralized bone. Several data Indicate co-expression of the ancestral copy of fibrillar collagen with the SoxE and Runx transcription factors. Therefore, the genetic cassette may have already existed in protochordate ancestors, and may operate in the development of the pharyngeal gill skeleton. Accompanied by genome duplications in vertebrate ancestors, this genetic cassette may have also...

  • Oikopleura dioica Alcohol Dehydrogenase Class 3 Provides New Insights into the Evolution of Retinoic Acid Synthesis in Chordates.

    Updated: 2010-01-31 23:00:00
    Authors: Cañestro C, Albalat R, Postlethwait JH Enzymes that synthesize retinoic acid (RA) constitute the first level of regulation of RA action. In vertebrates, enzymes of the medium-chain alcohol dehydrogenase (MDR-Adh) family catalyze the first step of the RA synthetic pathway by oxidizing retinol. Among MDR-Adh enzymes, Adh3 is the only member present in non-vertebrates, and whether Adh3 is actually involved in RA biosynthesis remains uncertain. Here, we investigate the MDR-Adh family in Oikopleura dioica, a urochordate representing the sister group to vertebrates. Oikopleura is of special interest because it has lost the classical RA role in development, which relaxed evolutionary constraints to preserve the RA-genetic machinery, leading to the loss of RA-system components. T...MedWorm Message: Get the very latest Swine Flu news via the MedWorm Swine Flu RSS news feed - updated hourly from thousands of authoritative health and news sources.

  • Neuropeptides, Hormone Peptides, and Their Receptors in Ciona intestinalis: An Update.

    Updated: 2010-01-31 23:00:00
    This article provides an overview of basic findings and reviews new knowledge on ascidian neuropeptides and hormone peptides. PMID: 20141419 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Zoological Science)

  • Comparative overview of toll-like receptors in lower animals.

    Updated: 2010-01-31 23:00:00
    Authors: Satake H, Sasaki N Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been shown to play a crucial role in host defense against pathogenic microbes in innate immunity in mammals. Recent genome-wide analyses have suggested that TLRs or related genes are conserved in the genome of non-mammalian organisms such as fishes, cyclostomes, ascidians, cephalochordates, sea urchins, and hydras. However, neither active forms nor functions of authentic invertebrate TLRs had been elucidated. Quite recently, we verified the structures, localization, ligand recognition, activities, and inflammatory cytokine production of two TLRs in the ascidian Ciona intestinalis, designated Ci-TLR1 and Ci-TLR2. Both Ci-TLRs possess a unique structural organization, with moderate sequence similarity to functionally characteriz...

  • Computational Identification of Ciona intestinalis MicroRNAs.

    Updated: 2010-01-31 23:00:00
    Authors: Keshavan R, Virata M, Keshavan A, Zeller RW MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are conserved non-coding small RNAs with potent post-transcriptional gene regulatory functions. Recent computational approaches and sequencing of small RNAs had indicated the existence of about 80 Ciona intestinalis miRNAs, although it was not clear whether other miRNA genes were present in the genome. We undertook an alternative computational approach to look for Ciona miRNAs. Conserved non-coding sequences from the C. intestinalis genome were extracted and computationally folded to identify putative hairpin-like structures. After applying additional criteria, we obtained 458 miRNA candidates whose sequences were used to design a custom microarray. Over 100 of our predicted hairpins were identified in this array w...

  • SL RNA Genes of the Ascidian Tunicates Ciona intestinalis and Ciona savignyi.

    Updated: 2010-01-31 23:00:00
    Authors: Yeats B, Matsumoto J, Mortimer SI, Shoguchi E, Satoh N, Hastings KE We characterized by bioinformatics the trans-spliced leader donor RNA (SL RNA) genes of two ascidians, Ciona intestinalis and Ciona savignyi. The Ciona intestinalis genome contains approximately 670 copies of the SL RNA gene, principally on a 264-bp tandemly repeated element. Fluorescent in-situ hybridization mapped most of the repeats to a single site on the short arm of chromosome 8. The Ciona intestinalis genome also contains approximately 100 copies of a >3.6-kb element that carries 1) an SL RNA-related sequence (possible a pseudogene) and 2) genes for the U6 snRNA and a histone-like protein. The Ciona savignyi genome contains two SL RNA gene classes having the same SL sequence as Ciona intestinalis but...

  • Simple Motor System of the Ascidian Larva: Neuronal Complex Comprising Putative Cholinergic and GABAergic/Glycinergic Neurons.

    Updated: 2010-01-31 23:00:00
    Authors: Horie T, Nakagawa M, Sasakura Y, Kusakabe TG, Tsuda M The ascidian larva is an excellent model for studies of the functional organization and neuronal circuits of chordates due to its remarkably simple central nervous system (CNS), comprised of about 100 neurons. To date, however, the identities of the various neurons in the ascidian larva, particularly their neurotransmitter phenotypes, are not well established. Acetylcholine, GABA, and glycine are critical neurotransmitters for locomotion in many animals. We visualized putative cholinergic neurons and GABAergic/glycinergic neurons in the ascidian larva by immunofluorescent staining using antibodies against vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VACHT) and vesicular GABA/glycine transporter (VGAT), respectively. Neurons express...MedWorm Message: Get the very latest Swine Flu news via the MedWorm Swine Flu RSS news feed - updated hourly from thousands of authoritative health and news sources.

  • Neural Map of the Larval Central Nervous System in the Ascidian Ciona intestinalis.

    Updated: 2010-01-31 23:00:00
    We examined the distribution patterns and axonal pathways of cholinergic, GABAergic, and dopaminergic neurons in the central nervous system of Ciona intestinalis larvae, based on the expression patterns of two reporter genes (GFP and LacZ) driven by the promoters of several neuron-specific genes (vesicular acetylcholine transporter, glutamic acid decarboxylase, tyrosine 3-hydroxylase and dopa decarboxylase). Putative cholinergic and GABAergic cells were found in the sensory vesicle (SV) and visceral ganglion (VG), while putative dopaminergic cells were found only in the SV. The axons of almost all putative cholinergic and GABAergic cells in the SV extend posteriorly towards the VG and seem to connect with motor neurons. Some cells extend axons to the proximal region of the tail beyond the ...

  • Hypercapnic Acidosis Reduces Contractile Function in the Ventricle of the Armored Catfish, Pterygoplichthys pardalis

    Updated: 2010-01-29 19:55:55
    Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Latest Articles. Abstract The armored catfish, Pterygoplichthys pardalis (formerly Liposarcus pardalis), is a freshwater, facultative air‐breathing teleost that experiences seasonal hypercapnia in the water systems of South America. We studied the tolerance of the P. pardalis heart to hypercapnic acidosis using an isolated ventricular muscle strip preparation. Force generation and kinetic variables were examined across a range of contraction frequencies under normocapnic and hypercapnic conditions in the absence and presence of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) inhibitors. Pterygoplichthys pardalis ventricle exhibited robust contractile force, on par with athletic fish species such as trout and tuna and a relatively flat...

  • Temporal Resolution and Spectral Sensitivity of the Visual System of Three Coastal Shark Species from Different Light Environments

    Updated: 2010-01-28 20:11:02
    Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Latest Articles. Abstract Visual temporal resolution and scotopic spectral sensitivity of three coastal shark species (bonnethead Sphyrna tiburo, scalloped hammerhead Sphyrna lewini, and blacknose shark Carcharhinus acronotus) were investigated by electroretinogram. Temporal resolution was quantified under photopic and scotopic conditions using response waveform dynamics and maximum critical flicker‐fusion frequency (CFF). Photopic CFFmax was significantly higher than scotopic CFFmax in all species. The bonnethead had the shortest photoreceptor response latency time (23.5 ms) and the highest CFFmax (31 Hz), suggesting that its eyes are adapted for a bright photic environment. In contrast, the blacknose had the long...

  • Foraging Rates of Larval Dragonfly Colonists Are Positively Related to Habitat Isolation: Results from a Landscape‐Level Experiment

    Updated: 2010-01-28 19:02:05
    The American Naturalist, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page E000, Latest Articles. Abstract: There is increasing evidence of intraspecific variation in dispersal behavior. Individual differences in dispersal behavior may be correlated with other traits that determine the impact individuals have on patches they colonize. We established habitat patches—artificial pools—across a landscape, and these pools were naturally colonized by dragonfly larvae. Larvae were collected from pools at different levels of isolation and held under common lab conditions for 5 months. We then compared larval foraging rates. Foraging rate was positively related to habitat isolation, and colonists from the most isolated artificial pools had significantly higher foraging rates than individuals from the least isolate...

  • New Graduate Degree Offered at Zoo

    Updated: 2010-01-28 14:12:58
    If you are seeking a career with animals and have a bachelor’s degree in any field, you can take advantage of a new joint program from Project DragonFly and the Cincinnati Zoo. Read more about the Advanced Inquiry Program graduate degree. If you are interested, head over now because the application deadline is February 28, [...]

  • Assessing the phylogenetic utility of sequence heterochrony: evolution of avian ossification sequences as a case study.

    Updated: 2010-01-27 23:00:00
    Authors: Maxwell EE, Harrison LB, Larsson HC The evolution of developmental sequences, or sequence heterochrony, is an emerging field of study that addresses the temporal interplay between evolution and development. Some phylogenetic signal has been found in developmental sequence data, but sampling has generally been limited to small numbers of taxa and few developmental events. Here we present the largest ossification sequence dataset to date. The sequences are composed of ossification events throughout the avian skeleton, and are used to address the evolutionary signal of ossification sequence data within this clade. The results indicate that ossification sequences are conserved in birds, and show a stronger phylogenetic signal than previous studies, perhaps due to the volume of dat...

  • Metabolic Allometry during Development and Metamorphosis of the Silkworm Bombyx mori: Analyses, Patterns, and Mechanisms

    Updated: 2010-01-27 18:41:40
    In this study of the silkworm Bombyx mori, we hypothesized that allometric relationships for metabolism both across all developmental stages and within each stage would not reflect conventional scaling coefficients (e.g., $b\neq 0.75$). Histology, gross morphology, body surface and cross‐sectional area, total lipid content, and cytochrome c oxidase activity levels (as evidence of the total metabolic potential of mitochondria) were determined across development. Also measured were oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, and the respiratory exchange ratio. The overall slope, b, in the allometric equation relating to body mass across all developmental stages was 0.82, not greatly different from the value of 0.75 typical of interspecific data. However, within larval instars II–V and...<bMedWorm Message: Get the very latest Swine Flu news via the MedWorm Swine Flu RSS news feed - updated hourly from thousands of authoritative health and news sources.

  • Eggs under Pressure: Components of Water Potential of Chameleon Eggs during Incubation

    Updated: 2010-01-27 18:35:53
    Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Latest Articles. Abstract Water exchange of squamate eggs is driven by the difference between the water potentials of eggs and of their nest environment. While osmotic potential is generally assumed to dominate the net water potential of eggs, resistance of the eggshell to stretching also affects egg water potential. We therefore determined osmotic potentials and pressure potentials (mechanical pressure) of eggs of the veiled chameleon Chamaeleo calyptratus over the course of incubation. Because embryos are diapausing gastrulae when eggs are laid and diapause persists several months, the water potential of eggs can be evaluated before it is influenced by the developing embryo. Water uptake during the first 2 wk of in...

  • Exercising for Life? Energy Metabolism, Body Composition, and Longevity in Mice Exercising at Different Intensities

    Updated: 2010-01-27 18:35:37
    Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Latest Articles. Abstract Studies that have found a positive influence of moderate, nonexhaustive exercise on life expectancy contradict the rate‐of‐living theory, which predicts that high energy expenditure in exercising animals should shorten life. We investigated effects of exercise on energy metabolism and life span in male mice from lines that had been selectively bred for high voluntary wheel‐running activity and from the nonselected control lines. Mice were divided into the following three groups ($n=100$ per group): active high‐runner mice (housed with wheels; HR+), sedentary high‐runner mice (no wheels provided; HR−), and active control mice (C+). Sixty animals from each group were left undisturb...

  • Dinosaur extinction grounded ancient birds, new research finds

    Updated: 2010-01-27 00:54:01
    An abundance of food and lack of predators following the extinction of dinosaurs saw previously flighted birds fatten up and become flightless, according to new research from Australia.  #187; riginal news

  • Of tests, trochs, shells, and spicules: development of the basal mollusk Wirenia argentea (Solenogastres) and its bearing on the evolution of trochozoan larval key features

    Updated: 2010-01-26 21:24:12
    Conclusions:Solenogastres develop via a trochophore-like lecitotrophic larva with a preoral apical cap that at least partly represents an enlarged prototrochal area. Homology of this larval type (pericalymma larva) to test cell larvae of other spiralian clades is doubtful. The ontogeny of W. argentea does not provide any evidence for a derived status of Solenogastres within Mollusca. (Source: Frontiers in Zoology)  #187; riginal news

  • The Eberth&#x2013;Katschenko layer in three species of ceratophryines anurans (Anura: Ceratophrydae)

    Updated: 2010-01-26 21:23:01
    This study contributes to support that the E[ndash]K layer would be the remnant of an ancestral dermal skeleton and not a physiologically significant formation. Hence, the presence of cells associated with the E[ndash]K layer would represent a synapomorphy for Ceratophrydae. (Source: Acta Zoologica)  #187; riginal news

  • Ultrastructure of irregular collagen fibrils of shark mandible

    Updated: 2010-01-26 21:22:45
    Sawada T, Inoue S. 2009. Ultrastructure of irregular collagen fibrils of shark mandible. [mdash]Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 00: 000[ndash]000. Collagen fibrillogenesis was investigated in developing fibrous connective tissue (tooth band) in shark mandible by transmission electron microscopy. Fibrils varied considerably in shape and size. Both thin and thick fibrils 40[ndash]200 and 400[ndash]500 nm in width, respectively, were observed, with the latter showing irregular contours. Examination of both transverse and longitudinal sections of fibril suggested that the irregular, thick fibrils were formed by fusion of the thin fibrils. This was in agreement with a previously proposed mechanism of collagen fibrillogenesis in a variety of tissues, in which formation of thin fibrils is followed by ...MedWorm Message: Get the very latest Swine Flu news via the MedWorm Swine Flu RSS news feed - updated hourly from thousands of authoritative health and news sources.  #187; riginal news

  • The Independent and Interactive Effects of TreeaTree Establishment Competition and Fire on Savanna Structure and Dynamics

    Updated: 2010-01-26 21:20:47
    The American Naturalist, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Latest Articles. Abstract: Savanna ecosystems are widespread and economically important and harbor considerable biodiversity. Despite extensive study, the mechanisms regulating savanna tree populations are not well understood. Recent empirical work suggests that both tree‐tree competition and fire are key factors in semiarid to mesic savannas, but the potential for competition to structure savannas, particularly in interaction with fire, has received little theoretical attention. We develop a minimalistic and analytically tractable stochastic cellular automaton to study the individual and combined effects of these two factors on savannas. We find that while competition often substantially depresses tree density, fire generally h...MedWorm Message: Get the very latest Swine Flu news via the MedWorm Swine Flu RSS news feed - updated hourly from thousands of authoritative health and news sources.  #187; riginal news

  • Speciation Has a Spatial Scale that Depends on Levels of Gene Flow

    Updated: 2010-01-26 21:20:19
    The American Naturalist, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Latest Articles. Abstract: Area is generally assumed to affect speciation rates, but work on the spatial context of speciation has focused mostly on patterns of range overlap between emerging species rather than on questions of geographical scale. A variety of geographical theories of speciation predict that the probability of speciation occurring within a given region should (1) increase with the size of the region and (2) increase as the spatial extent of intraspecific gene flow becomes smaller. Using a survey of speciation events on isolated oceanic islands for a broad range of taxa, we find evidence for both predictions. The probability of in situ speciation scales with island area in bats, carnivorous mammals, birds, flowerin...  #187; riginal news

  • Roving and Service Quality in the Cleaner Wrasse Labroides bicolor

    Updated: 2010-01-26 21:18:40
    The cleaner wrasse Labroides dimidiatus occupies fixed 'cleaning stations' on coral reefs, which 'client' reef fish visit repeatedly to have parasites removed. Conflict arises because cleaners prefer to cheat by feeding on client mucus instead of parasites. Clients can prevent L. dimidiatus from always cheating using control mechanisms such as chasing and partner switching, which depend on repeated interactions. These control mechanisms would be undermined in the absence of frequent repeated interactions, if cleaners roved over large areas. Roving behaviour has been anecdotally described for the closely related cleaner wrasse Labroides bicolor. Here we report field data comparing these two species in Moorea, French Polynesia. Our results confirmed that L. bicolor home ranges are much large...  #187; riginal news

  • Why Your DNA Isn't Your Destiny

    Updated: 2010-01-26 21:18:17
    If you are interested in genetics, evolution, nature vs. nurture, or just how your lifestyle choices  #187; riginal news

  • Molecular phylogeny, morphology and bioacoustics reveal five additional species of arboreal microhylid frogs of the genus Anodonthyla from Madagascar

    Updated: 2010-01-26 21:16:51
    , : , , Zoology : Journals , Blogs , News and Stories Login Register Most Popular Most Recent Shopping Jobs Pictures Videos Submit a Story Back to NewsBeet Home Molecular phylogeny , morphology and bioacoustics reveal five additional species of arboreal microhylid frogs of the genus Anodonthyla from Madagascar Molecular phylogeny , morphology and bioacoustics reveal five additional species of arboreal microhylid frogs of the genus Anodonthyla from Madagascar Posted from Contributions to Zoology 29 days ago Zoology Zoology Journals We provide a partial revision of the microhylid frogs of the genus Anodonthyla , endemic to Madagascar , based on comprehensive molecular , bioacoustic and morphological data sets that include newly collected specimens from multiple localities . The molecular trees provide strong evidence for the polyph . original story Discuss Add this link Tell a friend 2 views Add to : Bookmarks Recent News Dinosaur extinction grounded ancient birds , new research finds Of tests , trochs , shells , and spicules : development of the basal mollusk Wirenia argentea Solenogastres and its bearing on the evolution of trochozoan larval key features The Eberth 2013 Katschenko

  • Cryptozoology Enhances Zoology

    Updated: 2010-01-26 14:57:57
    Posted by: Loren Coleman on January 25th, 2010 Rob Voss, mammalogist, ponders a possum: he hopes to discover how many species of the animal there are.  #187; riginal news

  • Of tests, trochs, shells, and spicules: development of the basal mollusk Wirenia argentea (Solenogastres) and its bearing on the evolution of trochozoan larval key features

    Updated: 2010-01-26 14:54:44
    , , , : : , , Zoology : Journals , Blogs , News and Stories Login Register Most Popular Most Recent Shopping Jobs Pictures Videos Submit a Story Back to NewsBeet Home Of tests , trochs , shells , and spicules : development of the basal mollusk Wirenia argentea Solenogastres and its bearing on the evolution of trochozoan larval key features Of tests , trochs , shells , and spicules : development of the basal mollusk Wirenia argentea Solenogastres and its bearing on the evolution of trochozoan larval key features Posted from Frontiers in Zoology Late . 30 days ago Zoology Zoology Journals Background : The phylogenetic status of the aplacophoran mollusk taxon Solenogastres Neomeniomorpha is controversially discussed . Some authors propose the clade to represent the most basal branch within Mollusca , while others claim aplacophoran mollusks Solenogastres and Caudofoveata to be derived . Larval characters are central in these discussions , specifically the larval test calymma , apical cap the ontogeny of the epidermal scleritome , and the proposed absence of larval protonephridia . To date , developmental data are available for five solenogaster species , but most reports are incomp .

  • Gardeners must unite to save Britain's wildlife, experts urge

    Updated: 2010-01-26 06:47:10
    Householders in the UK should be looking beyond their own garden fence to protect vulnerable British wildlife, according to scientists.  #187; riginal news

  • 'Microraptors' shed light on ancient origin of bird flight

    Updated: 2010-01-26 06:46:50
    Researchers in the United States and China say that they have settled the long-standing question of how bird flight began.  #187; riginal news

  • Speciation Has a Spatial Scale that Depends on Levels of Gene Flow

    Updated: 2010-01-25 23:51:33
    The American Naturalist, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Latest Articles. Abstract: Area is generally assumed to affect speciation rates, but work on the spatial context of speciation has focused mostly on patterns of range overlap between emerging species rather than on questions of geographical scale. A variety of geographical theories of speciation predict that the probability of speciation occurring within a given region should (1) increase with the size of the region and (2) increase as the spatial extent of intraspecific gene flow becomes smaller. Using a survey of speciation events on isolated oceanic islands for a broad range of taxa, we find evidence for both predictions. The probability of in situ speciation scales with island area in bats, carnivorous mammals, birds, flowerin...

  • Bat heart mass: correlation with foraging niche and roost preference

    Updated: 2010-01-25 19:40:16
    R. D. Bullen, N. L. McKenzie, K. E. Bullen, M. R. Williams - Volume 57(6)  #187; riginal news

  • Genetics helps to crack down on chimpanzee smuggling

    Updated: 2010-01-25 19:40:06
    The population of chimpanzees across western Africa has decreased by 75 percent in the past 30 years, due in part to widespread chimp hunting. New strategies are needed to curb this illegal activity, experts say. Now, new research suggests that genetics may provide valuable clues as to how to crack down on the animal smuggling trade, while also helping to safely reintroduce rescued apes into the wild.  #187; riginal news

  • LargeaScale Diversification of Skull Shape in Domestic Dogs: Disparity and Modularity

    Updated: 2010-01-25 19:39:49
    The American Naturalist, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Latest Articles. Abstract: The variation among domestic dog breeds offers a unique opportunity to study large‐scale diversification by microevolutionary mechanisms. We use geometric morphometrics to quantify the diversity of skull shape in 106 breeds of domestic dog, in three wild canid species, and across the order Carnivora. The amount of shape variation among domestic dogs far exceeds that in wild species, and it is comparable to the disparity throughout the Carnivora. The greatest shape distances between dog breeds clearly surpass the maximum divergence between species in the Carnivora. Moreover, domestic dogs occupy a range of novel shapes outside the domain of wild carnivorans. The disparity among companion dogs substantia...  #187; riginal news

  • The Ionoregulatory Responses to Hypoxia in the Freshwater Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss

    Updated: 2010-01-25 19:39:42
    Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Latest Articles. Abstract We utilized the rainbow trout, a hypoxia‐intolerant freshwater teleost, to examine ionoregulatory changes at the gills during hypoxia. Progressive mild hypoxia led first to a significant elevation (by 21%) in $J^{mathrm{Na},}_{mathrm{influx},}$ (measured with 22Na), but at 4‐h hypoxia when $mathrm{P},textsc{$o$}_{2}$ reached ∼110 mmHg, there was a 79% depression in $J^{mathrm{Na},}_{mathrm{influx},}$. Influx remained depressed during the first hour of normoxic recovery but was restored back to control rates thereafter; there were no significant changes in $J^{mathrm{Na},}_{mathrm{efflux},}$ or $J^{mathrm{Na},}_{mathrm{net},}$. A more prolonged (8 h) and severe hypoxi...  #187; riginal news

  • Living the high life is risky business for toads under threat from fungus

    Updated: 2010-01-25 19:39:02
    Midwife toads that live in the mountains are highly likely to die from a serious fungal infection, called chytridiomycosis, whereas their infected relatives in the lowlands are not.  #187; riginal news

  • Chemical cues and group association preferences in a subsocial cockroach, Panesthia australis

    Updated: 2010-01-25 19:38:15
    Zacariah D. Billingham, David G. Chapple, Paul Sunnucks, Bob B. M. Wong - Volume 57(6) (Source: Australian Journal of Zoology)MedWorm Message: Get the very latest Swine Flu news via the MedWorm Swine Flu RSS news feed - updated hourly from thousands of authoritative health and news sources.  #187; original news

  • Tobacco plant thwarts caterpillar onslaught by opening flowers in the morning

    Updated: 2010-01-25 19:37:25
    Plants attract insect pollinators to ensure reproduction. However, female moths are also threatening to the plant: attracted by the flower's scent, they lay eggs on the leaves, and voracious caterpillars hatch. Scientists have now discovered how tobacco plants solve this dilemma. They found that herbivory changed the opening time of the flower buds from dusk to dawn, attracting day-active hummingbirds which are also able to transfer pollen.  #187; riginal news

  • Tree Shrew Offers Small-Animal Model of Hepatitis C Virus Infection

    Updated: 2010-01-25 19:37:22
    Researchers from Japan suggest that the tree shrew may be a practical small-animal model for studying the progression of human hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. This discovery would replace the need for rare and expensive studies using chimpanzees, currently the only validated animal model for HCV.  #187; riginal news

  • Celebrity zoologists comes to Gloucestershire

    Updated: 2010-01-25 19:36:53
    Celebrity zoologist Mark Carwardine will be giving a talk at the WWT's Slimbridge Wetland Centre.  #187; riginal news

  • Neuromuscular development of Aeolidiella stephanieae Valdez, 2005 (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Nudibranchia)

    Updated: 2010-01-25 19:36:49
    Conclusions:Aeolidiella stephanieae comprises features of the larval and postmetamorphic nervous as well as muscular system that represent the ground plan of the Mollusca or even the Trochozoa (e. g. presence of the prototrochal or velar muscle ring). On the one hand, A. stephanieae shows some features shared by all nudibranchs like the postmetamorphic condensation of the CNS, the possession of rhinophoral ganglia and the lack of oral tentacle ganglia as well as the de novo formation of the adult muscle complex. On the other hand, the structure and arrangement of the serotonergic apical organ is similar to other caenogastropod and opisthobranch gastropods supporting their sister group relationship. (Source: Frontiers in Zoology)  #187; riginal news

  • Detection and identification of rumen bacteria constituting a fibrolytic consortium dominated by Fibrobacter succinogenes

    Updated: 2010-01-25 19:36:45
    This study is the first attempt to identify bacterial members of a fibrolytic consortium dominated by a specific bacterium. (Source: Animal Science Journal)  #187; riginal news

  • Remobilization of Tol2 transposons in Xenopus tropicalis

    Updated: 2010-01-25 19:36:43
    Conclusions:In this study, we demonstrate that single copy Tol2 transposons integrated into the Xenopus tropicalis genome are effective substrates for excision and random re-integration and that the remobilized transposons are transmitted through the germline. This is an important step in the development of 'transposon hopping' strategies for insertional mutagenesis, gene trap and enhancer trap screens in this highly tractable developmental model organism. (Source: BMC Developmental Biology - Latest articles)  #187; riginal news

  • Sexual dimorphism and population divergence in the Lake Tanganyika cichlid fish genus Tropheus

    Updated: 2010-01-25 19:36:33
    Conclusions:Deviations of the between-population and between-sex pattern of shape variation from that within sex indicate that the differences in head shape likely result from both adaptations to female mouthbrooding and population-specific foraging strategies. (Source: Frontiers in Zoology)  #187; riginal news

  • Bat heart mass: correlation with foraging niche and roost preference

    Updated: 2010-01-25 19:36:14
    R. D. Bullen, N. L. McKenzie, K. E. Bullen, M. R. Williams - Volume 57(6) (Source: Australian Journal of Zoology)  #187; riginal news

  • Sexual dimorphism and population divergence in the Lake Tanganyika cichlid fish genus Tropheus

    Updated: 2010-01-25 19:36:07
    : , , Zoology : Journals , Blogs , News and Stories Login Register Most Popular Most Recent Shopping Jobs Pictures Videos Submit a Story Back to NewsBeet Home Sexual dimorphism and population divergence in the Lake Tanganyika cichlid fish genus Tropheus Sexual dimorphism and population divergence in the Lake Tanganyika cichlid fish genus Tropheus Posted from Frontiers in Zoology Late . 31 days ago Zoology Zoology Journals Background : With about 120 colour morphs currently assigned to six nominal species , the genus Tropheus is an ideal model to study evolutionary divergence of populations in allopatry . The morphology of Tropheus has been described as relatively static , but reproductive constraints are sexually dimorphic due to mouthbrooding in females . We analysed phenotypic variation in six populations of T . moorii and one population of T . polli using geometric morphometrics to assess morphological differences among sexes in relation to the differentiation of populations and species . Results : The mean shapes di . original story Add this link Tell a friend 2 views Add to : Bookmarks Recent News Dinosaur extinction grounded ancient birds , new research finds Of tests ,

  • Neuromuscular development of Aeolidiella stephanieae Valdez, 2005 (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Nudibranchia)

    Updated: 2010-01-25 19:35:36
    , , , : , , Zoology : Journals , Blogs , News and Stories Login Register Most Popular Most Recent Shopping Jobs Pictures Videos Submit a Story Back to NewsBeet Home Neuromuscular development of Aeolidiella stephanieae Valdez , 2005 Mollusca , Gastropoda , Nudibranchia Neuromuscular development of Aeolidiella stephanieae Valdez , 2005 Mollusca , Gastropoda , Nudibranchia Posted from Frontiers in Zoology Late . 31 days ago Zoology Zoology Journals Background : Studies on the development of the nervous system and the musculature of invertebrates have become more sophisticated and numerous within the last decade and have proven to provide new insights into the evolutionary history of organisms . In order to provide new morphogenetic data on opisthobranch gastropods we investigated the neuromuscular development in the nudibranch Aeolidiella stephanieae Valdez , 2005 using immunocytochemistry as well as F-actin labelling in conjunction with confocal laser scanning microscopy cLSM Results : The ontogenetic development of Aeolidiella stephanie . original story Add this link Tell a friend 2 views Add to : Bookmarks Recent News Dinosaur extinction grounded ancient birds , new research finds

  • Epic Horse Exhaust

    Updated: 2010-01-25 19:35:29
    OK, it took me a while to get to it but I am, as promised, responding to creationist Arthur Biele  #187; riginal news

  • Bat echolocation: 3-D imaging differentiates how various bats generate biosonar signals

    Updated: 2010-01-25 19:35:07
    Researchers, using micro-computed tomography systems, have shed new light on the way bats echolocate. With echolocation, animals emit sounds and then listen to the reflected echoes of those sounds to form images of their surroundings in their brains.  #187; riginal news

  • Crazy new animals discovered

    Updated: 2010-01-25 19:34:52
    Check out this scaly-eyed gecko (Lepidoblepharis buchwaldi) that can perch comfortably atop a pencil  #187; riginal news

  • Effects of glucose and amino acids on ghrelin secretion in sheep

    Updated: 2010-01-25 19:34:41
    Two experiments were conducted to elucidate the effects of post-ruminal administration of starch and casein (Exp. 1), plasma amino acids concentrations (Exp. 2), and plasma glucose and insulin concentrations (Exp. 2) on plasma ghrelin concentrations in sheep. In Exp. 1, plasma ghrelin concentrations were determined by four infusion treatments (water, cornstarch, casein and cornstarch plus casein) in four wethers. Abomasal infusion of casein increased plasma [alpha]-amino N (AAN) concentrations. Infusion of starch or casein alone did not affect plasma ghrelin concentrations, but starch plus casein infusion increased plasma levels of ghrelin, glucose and AAN. In Exp 2, we investigated the effects of saline or amino acids on ghrelin secretion in four wethers. Two hours after the initiation of...  #187; riginal news

  • High possum mortality on urban roads: implications for the population viability of the common brushtail and the common ringtail possum

    Updated: 2010-01-25 19:33:57
    Tracey C. Russell, Catherine A. Herbert, James L. Kohen - Volume 57(6)  #187; riginal news

  • What is the taxonomic identity of Minnesota wolves

    Updated: 2010-01-25 19:33:55
    L. D. Mech - The taxonomic identity of the historical and current wolf (Canis lupus L., 1758 or Canis lycaon Schreber, 1775 or their hybrids) population in Minnesota (MN)... (Source: Canadian Journal of Zoology)  #187; riginal news

  • Monarch butterflies reveal a novel way in which animals sense Earth's magnetic field

    Updated: 2010-01-25 19:33:55
    Building on prior investigation into the biological mechanisms through which monarch butterflies are able to migrate up to 2,000 miles from eastern North America to a particular forest in Mexico each year, neurobiologists have linked two related photoreceptor proteins found in butterflies to animal navigation using the Earth's magnetic field.  #187; riginal news

  • Science & Soul: Book Review: The Omnivore's Dilemma

    Updated: 2010-01-25 19:33:42
    What should we have for dinner? That simple question has driven author Michael Pollan to seek out th  #187; riginal news

  • High possum mortality on urban roads: implications for the population viability of the common brushtail and the common ringtail possum

    Updated: 2010-01-25 19:33:34
    Tracey C. Russell, Catherine A. Herbert, James L. Kohen - Volume 57(6) (Source: Australian Journal of Zoology)  #187; riginal news

  • Eavesdropping and Risk Assessment Between Lions, Spotted Hyenas and African Wild Dogs

    Updated: 2010-01-25 19:32:49
    Vocalizing allows rapid transmission of detailed information beyond line of sight. However, the risk of eavesdropping by unintended receivers means there is also a potential cost to any vocalization. For fugitive species such as African wild dogs the potential cost of attracting dangerous competitors as eavesdroppers is especially significant. Experiments presented here demonstrate that eavesdropping lions Panthera leo were highly motivated to approach playbacks of wild dog Lycaon pictus vocalizations. As lions will kill any wild dogs they can catch, wild dogs risk paying high costs should their calls be detected. Lions were less likely to approach playbacks of spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta whoops, with responses split according to gender: male lions remained quick to approach hyena whoops...  #187; riginal news

  • Spiteful Interactions in a Natural Population of the Bacterium Xenorhabdus bovienii

    Updated: 2010-01-25 19:32:48
    The American Naturalist, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Latest Articles. Abstract: An individual behaves spitefully when it harms itself in the act of harming other individuals. One of the clearest potential examples of spite is the costly production and release of toxins called bacteriocins. Bacteriocins are toxins produced by bacteria that can kill closely related strains of the same species. Theoretical work has predicted that bacteriocin‐mediated interactions could play an important role in maintaining local genetic and/or species diversity, but these interactions have not been studied at biologically relevant scales in nature. Here we studied toxin production and among‐strain inhibitions in a natural population of Xenorhabdus bovienii. We found genetic differences and inhibiti...MedWorm Message: Get the very latest Swine Flu news via the MedWorm Swine Flu RSS news feed - updated hourly from thousands of authoritative health and news sources.  #187; riginal news

  • The Relationship of Metabolic Performance and Distribution in Black‐Capped and Carolina Chickadees

    Updated: 2010-01-25 18:28:09
    Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Latest Articles. Abstract In endotherms, metabolic performance is associated with a wide array of ecological traits, including species distribution. Researchers have suggested that the northern boundaries of North American passerines are limited by their ability to sustain the high metabolic rates required for thermoregulation. Black‐capped chickadees (Poecile atricapillus; BC) are year‐round residents in most of Canada and the northern half of the United States, whereas Carolina chickadees (Poecile carolinensis; CA) are found exclusively in the southeastern United States. These species hybridize along a narrow contact zone that has been moving northward at a rate of about 1.6 km per decade, coincident with warmi...

  • Life in a cubic foot in Moorea, French Polynesia

    Updated: 2010-01-25 16:02:01
    Some of the creatures photographed by David Liittschwager in one cubic foot in Moorea, French Polynesia

  • A novel pattern of follicular epithelium morphogenesis in higher dipterans.

    Updated: 2010-01-24 23:00:00
    Authors: Jaglarz MK, Kubrakiewicz J, Bilinski SM In fly ovaries, the follicular epithelium surrounding germline cells diversifies into several morphologically distinct cell subpopulations. This complex process is crucial for the formation of a regionally complex eggshell and establishment of polarity of the future embryo. Morphogenetic changes accompanying patterning of the follicular epithelium have been best characterized in the model fly, Drosophila melanogaster. Here, we analyze follicular epithelium diversification in the ovaries of Tachypeza nubila, a brachyceran fly closely related to the group Cyclorrhapha, which also includes Drosophila. We provide morphological evidence that in Tachypeza, the diversification process differs from that described in the Drosophila model system i...

  • Spiteful Interactions in a Natural Population of the Bacterium Xenorhabdus bovienii

    Updated: 2010-01-22 19:37:14
    The American Naturalist, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Latest Articles. Abstract: An individual behaves spitefully when it harms itself in the act of harming other individuals. One of the clearest potential examples of spite is the costly production and release of toxins called bacteriocins. Bacteriocins are toxins produced by bacteria that can kill closely related strains of the same species. Theoretical work has predicted that bacteriocin‐mediated interactions could play an important role in maintaining local genetic and/or species diversity, but these interactions have not been studied at biologically relevant scales in nature. Here we studied toxin production and among‐strain inhibitions in a natural population of Xenorhabdus bovienii. We found genetic differences and inhibiti...

  • Diversity of Bile Salts in Fish and Amphibians: Evolution of a Complex Biochemical Pathway

    Updated: 2010-01-22 18:52:23
    Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Latest Articles. Abstract Bile salts are the major end metabolites of cholesterol and are also important in lipid and protein digestion, as well as shaping of the gut microflora. Previous studies had demonstrated variation of bile salt structures across vertebrate species. We greatly extend prior surveys of bile salt variation in fish and amphibians, particularly in analysis of the biliary bile salts of Agnatha and Chondrichthyes. While there is significant structural variation of bile salts across all fish orders, bile salt profiles are generally stable within orders of fish and do not correlate with differences in diet. This large data set allowed us to infer evolutionary changes in the bile salt synthetic pathway....

  • Zebrafish helps drug development

    Updated: 2010-01-22 14:05:08
    By combining the tools of medicinal chemistry and zebrafish biology, a team of Vanderbilt researchers has identified compounds that may offer therapeutic leads for bone-related diseases and cancer. The findings, reported in ACS Chemical Biology, support using zebrafish as a novel platform for drug development........

  • Sexual reproduction versus asexual reproduction

    Updated: 2010-01-22 14:05:08
    Living organisms have good reason for engaging in sexual, rather than asexual, reproduction as per Maurine Neiman, assistant professor of biology in the UI College of Liberal Arts and Sciences and researcher in the Roy J. Carver Center for Genomics. In an article published in a recent issue of the journal Molecular Biology and Evolution, she and her colleagues, including John M. Logsdon Jr., associate professor of biology, examined the theory that sexual reproduction, while requiring more time and energy than asexual reproduction, is also much more common among living organisms and, therefore, must be very beneficial........

  • Green Sea Slug Is Part Animal, Part Plant

    Updated: 2010-01-22 14:05:08
    It"s easy being green for a sea slug that has stolen enough genes to become the first animal shown to make chlorophyll like a plant. Shaped like a leaf itself, the slug Elysia chlorotica already has a reputation for kidnapping the photosynthesizing organelles and some genes from algae.Now it turns out that the slug has acquired enough stolen goods to make an entire plant chemical-making pathway work inside an animal body. The slugs can manufacture the most common form of chlorophyll, the green pigment in plants that captures energy from .........

  • Animal Career Secrets: Canine Studies Online

    Updated: 2010-01-21 21:36:17
    Just a quick note to let you know that I am reviving the Animal Career Secrets website. Most of the posts will be oriented to stories I’ve found elsewhere until I lauch the online program. Today I am going to outline the Canine Studies diploma course. It is a fully accredited Level 3 (UK designation) diploma course [...]

  • Disease-resistant plants enhance profits

    Updated: 2010-01-15 14:09:56
    New varieties of plants marketed as "disease-resistant" or "insect-resistant" are becoming more accessible to consumers. Available through local garden centers and catalogues, these attractive ornamentals often come with guarantees that offer amateur gardeners the promise of lower maintenance or the need for fewer pesticides........

  • Microscopic Flower Petal Ridges

    Updated: 2010-01-15 14:09:56
    Microscopic ridges contouring the surface of flower petals might play a role in flashing that come-hither look pollinating insects can't resist. Michigan State University researchers and his colleagues now have figured out how those form. The result could help scientists learn to enhance plants' pollination success and even could lead to high-grip nanomaterials and "green chemical" feedstocks........

  • Antagonistic genes control rice growth

    Updated: 2010-01-15 14:09:56
    Researchers at the Carnegie Institution, with colleagues,* have observed that a plant steroid prompts two genes to battle each otherone suppresses the other to ensure that leaves grow normally in rice and the experimental plant Arabidopsis thaliana, a relative of mustard. The results, reported in the December 15, 2009, issue of The Plant Cell, have important implications for understanding how to manipulate crop growth and yield........

  • Preserving genetic diversity of rice

    Updated: 2010-01-15 14:09:56
    Rice is one of the most important crops worldwide, as it feeds over half of the world's population. Domesticated rice is an important supply of the world's rice. However, these strains are genetically static and cannot adapt to changing growing conditions. Traditional varieties, or landraces, of rice are genetically evolving and provide a pool of traits that can be tapped to improve crops worldwide........

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